and hey presto! Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the local National Research Ethics Committee. The site is secure. Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. Christianity is one form of deontology and the Ten Commandments represent one set of rules. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. Updated October 19, 2016. 101-336, 104 Stat 327. https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app. It is not unreasonable to say that in this example you should pause your duck feeding and jump in to save the child. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. Data Lab. P2. What matters in this example is saving the highest number of lives, and how this is attained is unimportant. Therefore, the absolutist claim that war is wholly a bad thing, or that it cannot be for a good cause despite its undesirability, is reasonably refuted. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). such as consequentialism, virtue ethics . MedCity News. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . The oppressor, obviously, retaliates with ever more repressive measures to crush the minority by force. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Accessed March 28, 2017. The ethics of clinical innovation in psychopharmacology: challenging traditional bioethics. utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. Medical law exists at the intersection between consequentialism and deontology. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. With this in mind, people will strive to be morally and ethically good to avoid the . Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Biom Technol Today. Forbes. Does the pain that Jim would feel not need to be taken into account when looking at the best overall outcome? In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Published April 25, 2018. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Epub 2021 Sep 1. MobiHealthNews. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters. AWB. 104-191, 110 Stat 1936. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. But if telling a lie would help save a persons life, consequentialism says its the right thing to do. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. An interpretive exploratory study was undertaken, 11 registered acute care nurses working in a district general hospital in England were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews. January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. You must explain the key principles of providing care, showing an understanding of the skills and attributes required by those professionals who meet the care and support needs of individuals. Many forms of consequentialism have been proposed that attempt to deal with the issue of comparing moral value. 2007;2(1):26. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It is frequently maintained that an exclusively consequentialist morality uniquely possesses certain advantages; I shall argue that the case for the superiority of consequentialism has yet to be made out. Indeed, many As consequentialism only looks at the consequences it allows for negative responsibility; that is, being held morally accountable not for some action, but for failing to act to prevent bad things happening. Nurses' professional relationships are central to nurses' contributions to the resolution of ethical dilemmas. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. The site is secure. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? In many hospitals and healthcare trusts across the world this is the thought process that is guiding their policies regarding who should be treated in hospitals. Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. Consequentialism. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. The theory is also impartial. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. 2020 Jun;27(4):1032-1043. doi: 10.1177/0969733020906594. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. B. Consequentialism- main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of the action . Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. The .gov means its official. What Are Important Ethical Implications of Using Facial Recognition Technology in Health Care? Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. Nurses use their moral reasoning based on their beliefs and values when faced with ethical dilemmas. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. If all we are concerned with is getting good outcomes, this can seem to justify harming some people in order to benefit others. Watson M. Keeping your machine learning models up-to-date: continuous learning with IBM Watson machine learning (part 1). Face recognition methods and applications. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Like above, what sorts of consequences are morally good and what sorts are morally bad need to be . We will discuss three common ethical theories and how it handle the case of truth telling in medical practice as an example. A few states, such as Illinois, have regulations that limit uses for which consumer biometric data can be collected.36 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) governs handling of patients health records and personal health information and includes privacy protections for personally identifiable information. Published November 9, 2017. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. Discussion: Would you like email updates of new search results? Careers. The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. Philosophy , Volume 56 , Issue 218 , October 1981 , pp. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. ISSN 2376-6980. Epub 2019 Apr 11. Consequentialism refers to a group of ethical theories that hold an act or institution to be right if it yields the most desirable effects of consequences. We will have to remember as a society that, of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall consequences. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. How Should Clinicians Communicate With Patients About the Roles of Artificially Intelligent Team Members? One potential issue is that of liability. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. These include efforts to create AI systems that explain the rationale behind the results generated.31 Clinicians can also be trained to consider and respond to limitations and biases of FRT systems.32 In addition, organizations such as the National Human Genome Research Institute have sought to diversify the range of people whose images are included in their image databases.33. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. Instead, Mill believed we should figure out which set of rules would create the most happiness over an extended period of time and then apply those in every situation. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. 5 Health Care Ethics - Critical Issues for the 21st Century; Eileen E. Morrison ; About the . Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. If this is demanded of all moral agents, then general unhappiness is likely to ensue rather than the opposite. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. All Rights Reserved. One World Identity. Before There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. Abbasinia M, Norouzadeh R, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Nasiri MA, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Eskandari N, Aghaie B. Bina RW, Langevin JP. US Department of Health and Human Services. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism.