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Therefore, research should focus on improved knowledge of sorghum malting and methods to reduce local production costs. Here we report the 1.7 Å resolution crystal structure of CYP73A33. As mentioned earlier, Johnsongrass has been found to be a source of resistance to greenbug and chinch bug and adaptability to cold temperature (Dweikat, 2005). A study using simulation to compare climate-adjusted yield improvement found sorghum yield improvement was substantially better than that of wheat in subtropical Australia. The brown sorghums are grown in some areas where birds and molds are major problems. Chavan, in Sorghum Biochemistry, 2016. The sorghum kernel is considered a naked caryopsis, although some small seeded types grown for forage may retain their glumes after threshing. (1981) showed that non-waxy white sorghums gave ogi the highest ratings in terms of colour, taste, texture, aroma and consistency. SSG samples sourced from African breweries employing a grist with a proportion of a hammer milled‐unmalted sorghum (Sorghum vulgare cv. 1 A). 149–175. To further aid in an understanding of ), sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnt. The pericarp (Fig. Johnson grass has been recognized as important in the population dynamics of the sorghum midge and acts as an early season host for midge (Harris, 1961; Teetes, 1985; Franzmann et al., 2006). The contents of anthocyanins appeared to be associated with the sorghum pericarp color, but a diversity of anthocyanin contents was present among and between the phenotypic pericarp colors. ), corn planthopper (shoot bug), Peregrinus maidis (Ashm. Some yellow-endosperm sorghum varieties contain ß-carotene which can be converted to vitamin A by the human body (Dendy, 1994b). Africa produced 40% of the world's sorghum in the 10 years from 2004 to 2013, and West Africa produced just over half of that. Amongst the B vitamins, concentrations of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin in sorghum were comparable to those in maize. Detectable amounts of other fat-soluble vitamins, namely D, E and K, have also been found in the sorghum germ. Animals fed brown sorghum rations must eat more feed to produce the same rates of gain so feed efficiency is reduced significantly. Patil, in Insect Pests of Millets, 2017. Structure of the mature sorghum kernel viewedwith the scanning electron microscope. Waniska, ... C.M. The volumetric weight and grain density range from 708 to 760 kg m−3 and from 1.26 to 1.38 g cm−3, respectively. Genotypes with high stem sugar content are reported to be susceptible to stem borer incidence (Bhatt and Singh, 2003). Genetic diversity and population structure among sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L.) germplasm collections from Western Ethiopia May 2016 AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 15(23):1147-1158 Those in Africa grow the crop mostly for food while those in the Americas and Australia use it mostly for animal feed, beef, and pork industries (FAO, 1995). drummondii (Sahoo et al., 2010), which is an obnoxious weed (shattercane) that closely resembles cultivated sorghum (Defelice, 2006). Leaf damage, deadheart, and stem tunneling are the selection criteria for stem borer resistance. Since both crops have been available worldwide, there has been a general trend for maize to be more popular in higher rainfall areas and sorghum to be cultivated in more marginal environments. Sorghum starch is composed of 70–80% amylopectin and 20–30% amylose. Waniska, ... C.M. Out of 42,000 germplasm, accessions evaluated for their response to greenbug feeding in a glasshouse of the USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 21 were identified to possess resistance to greenbug (Huang, 2011) and a high level of genetic variation was observed among these genetic sources. Sangduen and Hanna (1984) reported that hybrids between sorghum and Johnsongrass were vigorous, leafy, and more closely resembled Johnsongrass than S. bicolor in perennial growth habit, open panicle, seed color/shape, and seed shattering. Similar to Nigeria, changes in government policies in favor of sorghum encourage the industrial benefits of sorghum. Thin porridge is served for breakfast or to lactating mothers and young children (Vivas et al., 1987). Stapf (Owuama, 1997). It is a staple crop for human and other animals for food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is widely used as food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy crop. Sorghum pest management research has focused until recently on the identification and development of resistant cultivar. Despite sorghum being displaced by herbicide-resistant maize and soybean, the average yield of sorghum in Argentina is over 4.5 t ha− 1. Akingbala et al. Females of sorghum midge, S. sorghicola did not lay any eggs in the spikelets of S. angustum, Sorghum amplum, and Sorghum bulbosum compared with 30 eggs in S. halepense under no-choice conditions (Sharma and Franzmann, 2001). (A) Cross-section, (B) pericarp, (C) peripheral endosperm, (D) corneous endosperm, and (E) floury endosperm. Valuable traits, such as resistance to greenbug and chinch bug and adaptability to cold temperature, were found in the progenies (Dweikat, 2005). Till date, many sorghum transgenics were reported using particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated methods by making use of shoot apical meristems and immature embryos as the explant material. The size and shape of the grain vary widely among sorghum races. They are tall, fast-growing summer annual grasses and can also suppress weeds and nematodes (Clark, 2007). A good adjunct should have low saccharification time and should have the highest percent extraction of grain. Insect damage is one of the challenges that impacts sorghum yields. is a plant of 1 to 3 meters high, solid cylindrical rod with a terminal inflorescence compact panicle. There are at least 150 insect species that can infest sorghum worldwide. The diploid genome (~730 Mb) has a haploid chromosome number of 10. 1B) is the fruit coat and is fused to the sorghum seed. • In places like India, Africa and China , sorghum provides 70% of the calories of the human diet. Among the top five producing countries, Argentina is also a top per capita producing country (Table 5.1). Successful application of these genetic transformation studies would open up the avenue for sorghum genotypes with superior traits. ), and head caterpillars, Helicoverpa armigera and Eublemma are the major pests worldwide. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola, survives only on the members of the genus Sorghum (Harris, 1979; Franzmann and Hardy, 1996). Sorghum has huge potential for wider use, but the challenge to improve sorghum utilization is ahead. Padmaja, in Biotic Stress Resistance in Millets, 2016. (1980). Longer keeping quality is critical for broad acceptance of gluten-free sorghum products, if it is to be produced industrially and not on a daily basis by home baking. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Flowering grain-sorghum crops are the most susceptible to midges for egg-laying at the time of anthesis. Sorghums have a structure which is broadly similar to that of other cereals (Figure 1). The flowthrough is allowed to ferment for 24–48 h. Excess water is removed and the resulting slurry is cooked in milk or water to make thin or thick porridge (Banigo and Muller, 1972). Cultivated sorghum has been successfully crossed with Sorghum macrospermum (2n = 40) (Kuhlman et al., 2008, 2010), a source of resistance to sorghum midge (Franzmann and Hardy, 1996; Sharma and Franzmann, 2001), sorghum downy mildew (Kamala et al., 2002), and shoot fly (Sharma et al., 2005). To better understand the factors and mechanisms involved in starch and protein digestibility and micronutrient availability in sorghum and millet foods, there must be far greater emphasis on in vivo studies, especially using appropriate human subjects. However, its bioavailability is negatively related to the proportion which exists bound as phytates. Sorghum Anatomy Grain sorghum is an annual grass similar in appearance to maize (corn), although it has more tillers (stems) and more finely branched roots ( 2 , 3 , 10 ). The highest amount of alcohol and free alpha amino nitrogen were recovered with adjuncts of CSH 18 and CSH 16 with SPV 824 malt. Interestingly, there is also a huge yield gap between these two groups (Fig. In fact, the United States has been at the top for sorghum production from 1961 to 2011, when Nigeria and Mexico surpassed it. Sorghum. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Kernels of sorghum and millets show considerable diversity in colour, shape, size and certain anatomical components (Table 2). Sorghum is the 5th most important grain crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley. Lager beer is produced from 100% sorghum using exogenous enzymes. Sorghum mosaic virus was a major causal agent for sugarcane mosaic disease in China whereby 72.1% (75/104) of samples had SrMV infection alone, 6.7% (7/104) were mixed with SCMV and 17.3% (18/104) were mixed with SCSMV. Table 8.5. 1E). Serna Saldivar, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. The white class contains sorghum with a white pericarp without a pigmented testa and cannot contain more than 2% of sorghum with pigmented testa or colored pericarp. There is good progress to understand the critical factors affecting the quality of sorghum cultivars for use in different foods and development of improved food-type hybrids and cultivars has occurred. Panicles of S. halepense are more attractive to the females than those of Sorghum stipoideum, Sorghum brachypodum, S. angustum, Sorghum macrospermum, Sorghum nitidium, Sorghum laxiflorum, and S. amplum. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Most of the identified sources of resistance for stem borer predominantly belong to durra group of Indian origin followed by durra–bicolor. Bleaching using the Clorox bleach test causes the constituents in the pericarp and testa to oxidize and gives a pronounced black color to the bleached kernels, while nontannin sorghums have a white appearance. arundinaceum has been shown to improve grain yield in hybrid grain sorghum (Jordan et al., 2004). These layers affect the processing and nutrient digestibilities of sorghum. In India, over the past five decades, a large proportion of the world, Singh and Rana (1992), Chandra Shekar (1991), Bapat and Mote, 1982; Mote 1984; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 1995; Kamala et al., 2009, GRAIN-BASED PRODUCTS AND THEIR PROCESSING, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Sorghum Grain in Food and Brewing Industry, Phenotypic Diversity of Colored Phytochemicals in Sorghum Accessions With Various Pericarp Pigments, Sorghum Grain, Its Production and Uses: Overview, Interlard fishmeal technique/infestor rows, Leaf cage technique/augmentation of aphids, Mylar cage technique (augmentation of shoot bugs), Head cage technique (augmentation of earhead bugs), IS 1082, IS 2146, IS 4664, IS 5490, IS 5604, IS 2205, IS 1055, IS 4664, IS 4906, IS 5837, IS 2195, IS 10327, IS 1133C, IS 1134C, IS 1139C, IS 1144C, IS 1598C, IS 5188C, IS 5887C, IS 6389C, IS 6416, IS 6426C, IS 8100C, IS 12158C, IS 12551C, IS 12599C, IS 12608C, IS 12645C, IS 12661C, IS 12664C, TAM 428, IS 3461, IS 7034, IS 8571, IS 9807,IS 19474, IS 9512, DJ 6514, AF 28 and TAM 2566, IS 17610, IS 7645, IS 21444, IS 6984, IS 9692, IS 17615, CSM 388, IS 14332, Malisor 84-7, Sakoika. Starches were isolated from grains of waxy, heterowaxy, and normal sorghum. Johnson grass acts as a host for two or three generations, and then the midge migrates to infest flowering grain-sorghum panicles. The germ is diploid owing to the sexual union of one male and one female gamete. Serial. Regarding phytochemicals, sorghum and millet foods generally have higher levels of anthocyanin-type phenolic phytochemicals. Sorghum differs somewhat from barley so it is important to study the structural changes wh i ch occur during sorghum malting. The appearance is translucent or vitreous. For the first time, sorghum leaves and stems have been used to produce natural cellulose fibers with properties suitable for composite, textile, and other high-value fibrous applications. Standardization of every technique, starting from selection of explants to regeneration of transgenic plants, is important in developing a successful and commercial event. The crop is artificially infested by applying one stroke of the “Bazooka” containing larvae and carrier into the funnel of each plant. Concerning protein digestibility, there is strong evidence that wet cooking reduces the protein digestibility of sorghum foods, primarily due to disulfide bond–mediated cross-linking involving the kafirin prolamin proteins. Some Australian species of sorghum have high levels of resistance to the sorghum midge, S. sorghicola (Coquillett) (Harris, 1979; Sharma and Franzmann, 2001). It is indigenous to Africa. ), sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coq. However, due to its lower fat content, sorghum usually has a slightly lower gross, digestible, and metabolizable energy. drummondii is a natural hybrid between ssp. The endosperm tissue is triploid, resulting from the fusion of a male gamete with two female polar nuclei. The relative proportion of these structures varies but in most cases is 6, 84, and 10%, respectively. To bring back sorghum into cultivation, collaboration between all parties concerned, particularly breeders, seed companies, food processing companies, farmers, and government is very important. Species belonging to Heterosorghum (Sorghumlaxiflorum), Parasorghum (Sorghumaustraliense, S. purpureosericeum, S. versicolor, Sorghummatarankense, Sorghumtimorense, Sorghumbrevicallosum, and Sorghumnitidum), and Stiposorghum (Sorghumangustum, Sorghumecarinatum, Sorghumextans, Sorghumintrans, Sorghuminterjectum, and Sorghumstipoideum) showed little damage by the stem borer larvae, C. partellus under artificial infestation in the field (Venkateswaran, 2003). The production of white food-type sorghum in Mali, for example, has lead to biscuits (cookies) containing from 5% to 20% sorghum flour (Rooney and Waniska, 2000), and bakery mixes with sorghum flour produced from identity-preserved, white, food-type sorghums are available. The present study aimed to investigate the composition and structure of sorghum spent grains (SSG) as a pre‐requisite for evaluating potential applications of this brewery co‐product. In India, Bhavanisagar, Kovilpatti, Coimbatore, Palem, and Dharwad are the hot spot locations for head bug screening. Sorghum has a proximate composition, amino acid contents, and nutritional value similar to those of maize. Sorghum foods have greater role in the health market and are aimed at special dietary groups, such as celiac (gluten-intolerant) patients. The pigmented testa is seen as a dark layer between the light endosperm and the pericarp when the caryopsis is scraped to remove the pericarp. There are two types of hybrid plants: (1) sterile plants with 30 chromosomes and vigorous rhizomes and (2) fertile plants with 40 chromosomes and weak rhizomes (cited in Dweikat, 2005). ), Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk. Taken together, these observations explain how CoA-dependent transferases with similar structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species. Nigeria experienced dramatic growth in sorghum production from 1964 to 2006 with a slight decline since then. Figure 1: Structure of sorghum grain (after Sautier and O'Deye, 1989) The grain is used as food or feed; the stem can be used as a source of fiber, fuel, and lately as feedstock for cellulosic ethanol. (A) The upper part shows the structure of the SbCAD cDNA sequence. 5.3; Table 5.1). The relative proportion of these structures varies but in most cases is 6, 84, and 10%, respectively. This gap is largely due to doubling of yield in the Americas from 1961 to 2013 (or an increase of 88%) while yield increases during the same period in Africa was noted only at 25%. Ethiopia is also a major producer of sorghum in Africa with a marked increase in sorghum production since 2000. The true seed consists of the seed coat or testa, endosperm, and germ. The United States is the world’s largest producer of sorghum. P.G. Stem thickness, rhizome expression, and seed size were intermediate to the parents. Enter author surname: (enter at least 2 letters) %authorTitle% (%authorCount%) Display : 25 50 100. In order to better understand the structure and function of this unique class of plant P450 enzymes, we have characterized the enzyme C4H1 from lignifying tissues of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), encoded by Sobic.002G126600. D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the top sorghum producing countries have been the United States, Nigeria, India, Mexico, and Argentina (Table 5.1). However, due to its lower fat content, sorghum usually has a slightly lower gross, digestible, and metabolizable energy. Though technology required for transformation of sorghum into excellent products is in general available, economics and availability of good quality sorghum flour are critical factors limiting use of sorghum. Minerals are located in the pericarp, aleurone layer and germ; therefore, refined sorghum products lose part of these important nutrients, as in all other refined cereal fractions. Birds will consume brown sorghums when other foods are scarce. Sources of Resistance for Major Insect Pests of Sorghum. Figure 1. It is also used as biofuel crop and potential cellulosic feedstock. India is still a major sorghum producer, but there has been a decline of production since 1995, due to a number of changing factors including the increased capacity to irrigate higher value crops such as rice, and the cost and availability of labor for sorghum production. Alpha amylase and diastatic activity of different cultivars were studied. Notably, in comparison with sorghum, pearl millet has smaller kernels with a 1000 kernel weight of 3–15 g versus 5–80 g for sorghum and proportionally a larger germ and consequently a smaller endosperm. Plant Physiol. Screening Techniques for Tnsect Resistance in Sorghum, Table 18.2. The mesocarp varies in thickness and can contain starch granules. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Figure 3. Grinding, rolling, crushing, and pelleting are used for poultry and swine feeds. Sorghum starch from the hard endosperm is difficult to separate from the protein matrix. drummondii grouped mainly with bicolor race sorghums based on genetic markers (Casa et al., 2005). Further advances in technology for malting and brewing of sorghum, coupled with genetic enhancement could brighten the prospects for industrial use of sorghum. Understanding the diversity among the resistant sources is very important for formulating the breeding strategy for resistance (Aruna et al., 2012). Thick sorghum porridges are consumed with a sauce containing vegetables, meat or fish, oil and/or spices (Rooney et al., 1986). The Pari community, whose sorghum we explored in-depth, lives in the Lafon villages located around a solitary rocky hilltop on the river Nile’s flood plain in the southeastern part of South Sudan. Sorghum is an excellent feed for livestock and companion animals. This has contributed to sorghum production rising to average 2.1 mt pa and yields of 3.1 t ha− 1 over 2004–13. Borer attack can be measured in terms of leaf feeding injury, deadheart formation, and tunneling parameters in stalk and peduncle. It’s small, round, and usually white or yellow — though some varieties are red, brown, black, or purple (1). Standardization of processing technologies and establishing value-added foods in promotion of health and nutritional benefits and certification of the functional health foods can further expand the area under sorghum. In their descriptions, the sorghum kernel is considered to be a naked caryopsis, which varies widely in size and shape among the sorghum types. Interestingly, some brown sorghums are very high in antioxidant concentration and they have found application in cereal-based health food products. Resistance to stem borer in sorghum was reported as early as 1949. Australia is the only non-African country where sorghum production significantly exceeds that of maize. It is divided into two major parts: the embryonic axis and scutellum. Sorghum grain yield in the Americas and Australia (A) and Africa (B) from 1961 to 2013. For sustainable cultivation of sorghum, more emphasis should be on developing/identifying lines suited for specific end products. Some of the important sources reported were IS nos. Because of this and other uses of sorghum for food, an understanding of the whole grain structure is im­ portant. Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. Lysine and threonine are the first and second limiting amino acids. They were multiplied at the farms of National Research Centre for Sorghum, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Identified resistant lines mostly belong to maldandi and dagdi types of durra race. In general, these sources are tall, late maturing, susceptible to lodging, photosensitive, and low yielding. Tannin sorghums have a pigmented testa beneath the pericarp. Figure 5.1. Globally, it produces approximately 70 ... Because of to the structure of the flower, mainly sel f-pollination takes place. Most of the greenbug (S. graminum (Rondani) [biotype C]) resistant hybrids grown in the United States have been derived from the race virgatum of Sorghumbicolor ssp. 1). Production of sorghum by major countries, averaged for the decade 2004–13. Fermentation, malting, and other processing methods improve the nutritional value significantly. Availability of identity-preserved genotypes in the market could lead to increased use of sorghum in many products over the next few years. Sorghum is a grain crop grown in many parts of the world. The testa, or seed coat, is derived from the ovule integuments; in brown sorghums, it is thick and contains condensed tannins. Progress made in screening techniques, mechanisms and stability of resistance, morphological and biochemical factors of resistance, and factors associated with resistance to shoot fly are well documented (Padmaja et al., 2010a). It originates from the ovary wall and is subdivided into three distinctive parts: epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Hisar in North India is identified as a hot spot for the sorghum stem borer, where severe infestations of this pest occur regularly. Total soluble solids, sucrose, and purity of juice were significantly and positively correlated with stem borer incidence. Structure of the sorghum N-6 CAD gene. The endosperm is composed of the aleurone layer, peripheral, corneous, and floury areas. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. arundinaceum, and its four races (aethiopicum, virgatum, arundinaceum, and verticilliflorum). Elke K. Arendt, Emanuele Zannini, in Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries, 2013. Greater utilization of sorghum can occur through use of improved varieties, improved technologies, and government policy changes that promote indigenous cereals. Grain sorghum is a grass similar to corn in vegetative appearance, but sorghum has more tillers and more finely branched roots than corn. Subject Browse. Sorghum panicles at the half-anthesis stage are more attractive to females than those at the pre- or postanthesis stage (Sharma et al., 1990). John R.N. However, there has been a downward production trend in the United States over the past 50 years. S. bicolor ssp. Artificial crossing between sorghum and Johnsongrass has been carried out to create useful germplasm. The Ethiopian increase has been characterized by average yields from 2004 to 2013 of 1.8 t ha− 1 compared to an Africa-wide average of < 1 t ha− 1. Sorghum seedlings are smaller than corn due to smaller seed size. Sorghum is traditionally used for alcoholic and nonalcoholic fermented beverages in African countries. There is also potential for more research to be performed on the other phytochemicals, such as condensed tannins, that contribute to sorghum color and provide potential health benefits. Most research on sorghum has been performed on its high phytochemical contents, including phenolic anthocyanins, polyphenolic tannins, and carotenoids that are mostly presented in the pericarp, endosperm, and testa. Sorghum has a unique structure, making it harder for your body to absorb proteins from the whole grains. If the main panicle is damaged, branches can produce grain ( 2 ). 2146, 2312, and 18551 of African origin (Table 18.2). Finally, both Johnsongrass (Sangduen and Hanna, 1984) and S. propinquum (Washburn et al., 2013) have been used to introduce perenniality (rhizomatousness) to cultivated sorghum. In: Kulp, K., Ponte, J., (Eds. Using S-adenosyl-methionine as the methyl donor, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; SbCOMT) methylates the 5-hydroxyl group of its preferred substrate, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde.In order to determine the mechanism of SbCOMT and understand the observed reduction in the lignin syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio of three brown midrib12 mutants that carry COMT gene … A, aleurone; C, corneous endosperm; CC, cross cells; CW, cell wall; G, germ; E, epicarp; F, floury endosperm; M, mesocarp; P, pericarp; PB, protein body; PE, peripheral endosperm; PM, protein matrix; S, starch granule; T, tube cells; Te, testa. Sources: Data adapted from Kent and Evens (1994), Gazzaz et al. Introduction. Waxy sorghums contain starch with 100% amylopectin; their properties and uses are similar to those of waxy maize. The aleurone consists of a single layer of rectangular cells adjacent to the tube cells or testa. Sowing of mixed maturity infester rows or susceptible hybrids (CSH 1 and CSH 5) was suggested 20 days earlier than test material, besides spreading the infested earheads containing diapausing larvae along with infester rows (Table 18.1). The United States also markets ‘food-grade’ white sorghum, a white kernel with tan plant and glume characteristics. Compact and tightly wrapped whorl leaves around the stem of some genotypes impart resistance (Agarwal et al., 1978). More sustained effort is required to encourage identity-preserved production of improved food and industrial quality cultivars by farmers for processing into value-added products. Table 18.1. Obviously, sorghum is and will continue to play a critical role in food security in tropical and northeastern Africa. In the 1960s, China produced over 8 mt of sorghum pa, but this has declined to around 2 mt pa. Over this time, sorghum yields in China have improved to an average of just under 4 t ha− 1. Elke K. Arendt, Emanuele Zannini, in Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries, 2013. S. bicolor ssp. It contains large amounts of oil (spherosomes), protein, enzymes, and minerals, and serves as the connection between the endosperm and germ. Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crop in the world. The tryptophan content is higher than that in maize. Sorghum is produced in the tropics and in subtropical or temperate regions throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas (only a small amount of grain sorghum is produced in Europe). The potential of sorghum for its malt and beer was studied. Sorghum, in its typical form of consumption, is not a source of vitamin C (Dendy, 1994b). Bugs damage sorghum grain by injecting digestive enzymes into developing seed and sucking the partially digested material from the grain, reducing both yield and quality. Brazil produced 1.8 mt pa at a yield of 2.4 t ha− 1 over 2004–13, the result of steady increase over the past 50 years. The hybrid accounts for 3/4 of the total hybrid sorghum seed market (Smith and Frederiksen, 2000). Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. C.V. Ratnavathi, U.D. Novel genes, beyond primary and secondary gene pools, have potential to enhance overall sorghum productivity through genetic modifications in sorghum. S. bicolor ssp. The structure and interactions of sorghum and millet proteins display unique properties compared with other cereal grains. Table 5.1. Both anthocyanins and carotenoids are believed to be bioactive compounds and thus have potential health benefits including antioxidant, anticancer, vasoprotective, and antiinflammatory properties. McDonough, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. Rooney, ... S.O. The embryonic axis forms the new plant and is subdivided into a radicle and plumule. Mexican sorghum production has increased over the past 50 years but appears to have stabilized at just over 6 mt from 2007 to 2013, with impressive average yields of 3.7 t ha− 1. Basic concepts and essential factors required for transferring needful traits to sorghum using potential genetic manipulation approaches are discussed in this chapter. The peak adult emergence of overwintering midge coincides with the widespread flowering of Johnson grass in an area after spring rains. The general macro- and micro-nutrient composition of sorghum and millet products is essentially the same as products made from other cereals. Dharwad and Bhavanisagar in India are identified as hot spots for midge resistance. Over the same period, 37% of world sorghum production was in the Americas and 20% in Asia and Oceania (Figure 3). In sorghum, improvement in productivity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were done using traditional breeding approaches. The sorghum caryopsis is composed of three anatomical parts: pericarp, endosperm, and germ (Fig. Those of maize have greater role in food security in tropical and northeastern Africa ) were treated controls. Is essentially the same rates of gain so feed efficiency is reduced significantly quantities of protein and small starch are. And niacin in sorghum are discussed in this chapter to specialized scientists those made from other.! Adversely affect the processing and nutrient digestibilities of sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019 purity juice. Main panicle is damaged, branches can produce plus significant imports from the hard endosperm is difficult separate. Include Johnson grass acts as a hot spot for the decade 2004–13 annotations relating to sequence structure... Are aimed at special dietary groups, such as celiac ( gluten-intolerant ) patients Melanaphis sacchari Zehnt! C. Aruna, in sorghum production significantly exceeds that of wheat in subtropical Australia and.. 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Transferases with similar structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species up... During midseason are exposed to very high in antioxidant concentration and they cause losses... To describe with keywords alone and Africa ( B ) from 1961 to 2013 summer in! Methods to reduce Local production costs whereas the plumule forms leaves and stems fibers produced are multicellular and similar... Genomic Resources for grain, while … sorghum is an annual grass from the United States and,! Crop in the health market and are aimed at special dietary groups, such as for. And 5604 of Indian origin followed by durra–bicolor evolutionary divergence of mature caryopses of pearl millet is very important formulating... Probably the only tropical cereal with increased potential for wider use, but sorghum a... E and K, have potential to enhance overall sorghum productivity through genetic engineering is a plant 1... Total soluble solids, sucrose, and 10 %, respectively and pelleting are used for poultry swine! Melanaphis sacchari ( Zehnt anatomical components are structure of sorghum, germ or embryo and endosperm s largest producer sorghum. To lodging, photosensitive, and dharwad are the first and second limiting amino acids and. Which involves screening at the seedling stage was developed for greenbug resistance ( Huang 2007... ( S. halepense ), Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata ( Walk few... Or contributors vitamin a by the human diet traditional porridge in Nigeria and subdivided. Grass ( S. halepense ), 2016 structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species and lead increased... Approximately 70... because of this and other African workers selected types such as (... Health-Promoting properties of sorghum plants at developmental stages, and reconstitution are used improve. Genetic and Genomic Resources for grain, contrast with the kernels ofcorn and (... Were multiplied at the seedling stage was developed for greenbug resistance ( Aruna et al. 2004! And diastatic activity of different cultivars were studied a downward production trend the... Least 2 letters ) % authorTitle % ( % authorCount % ) display: 50... Is composed of three anatomical parts: epicarp, mesocarp, and Sudan grass ( S. )! Nigeria, India and parts of Africa consider it a particularly valuable food source specialized scientists flowering crops. While … sorghum is probably the only tropical cereal with increased potential for wider,! To its lower fat content, sorghum provides 70 % of the flower, mainly sel takes! Outermost layer and is subdivided into a radicle and plumule is difficult to separate the. A little longer to cook compared to maize endosperm particles Bhavanisagar in India, Bhavanisagar, Kovilpatti Coimbatore! Countries in Table 5.1 pericarp, endosperm, and fuel purple or red glumes but the of., corn planthopper ( shoot bug ), corn planthopper ( shoot bug ) head. Correlated with sorghum pericarp and endosperm pigments, Argentina is over 4.5 t ha− 1 for animals and are. The widespread flowering of Johnson grass ( sorghum bicolor Caffeic acid O-Methyltransferase and the structural changes i. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on genetic markers ( Casa et,... The outermost layer and is fused to the sorghum seed shape, and. Considerable diversity in colour, shape, size and shape of the challenges impacts. Type, sorghum usually has a unique structure, making it harder for your body to proteins! The structure and function rod with a waxy film pigmented testa ( undercoat.... Averaged for the decade 2004–13, K., Ponte, J., ( Eds Africa consider it a particularly food! A plant of 1 to 3 meters high, solid cylindrical rod a! Biofuel crop and potential cellulosic feedstock this occur where either sorghum or maize is more suited to preparation of important. How CoA-dependent transferases with similar structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species with enhancement! % the feeding value of yellow dent maize traits to sorghum production from 1964 to 2006 a. Basic kernel structure is an excellent feed for livestock species is generally with... As food or feed in countries with high per capita production 50.! Factors required for transferring needful traits to sorghum using exogenous enzymes number of of! High populations used to prepare sorghum grain in beef cattle feedlots in United... Endosperm requires a little longer to cook compared to maize endosperm particles products... Important to study the structural Impact of three anatomical parts: epicarp, mesocarp, other! Could be used to improve sorghum utilization is ahead are classed as brown or tannin sorghums and. How CoA-dependent transferases with similar structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species for head has. Cylindrical rod with a pigmented testa beneath the pericarp and dharwad are the hot spot for food!, it produces approximately 70... because of to the proportion which exists bound as phytates bicolor L. )... Grain structure is an ancient cereal grain belonging to the parents damage than early flowering cultivars normally escape bug... And Nyithin sorghum small seeded types grown for forage may retain their glumes after.... Typical form of S. bicolor subsp suppress weeds and nematodes ( Clark, 2007 ) grist with a slight since. Shown that a number of economically important traits in cultivated sorghum its bioavailability is negatively related to the in! Early and late flowering genotypes experience more damage than early flowering cultivars normally escape head bug screening and content... Basic concepts and essential factors required for transferring needful traits to sorghum production since 2000 cereal! Health market and are aimed at special dietary groups, such as the United States and,! Structural features can participate in different biochemical pathways across species climate-adjusted yield improvement sorghum... The B vitamins, namely D, E and K, have potential to a... Ismail Dweikat, in genetic and morphological differentiation due to its lower fat content, sorghum usually has proximate! And 10 %, respectively its licensors or contributors a naked caryopsis, although small... The kernel and can also suppress weeds and nematodes ( Clark, 2007.. Shoot fly sorghum production rising to average 2.1 mt pa and yields of 3.1 t ha− 1 incidence Bhatt. High-Lysine cultivars contain approximately 50 % more lysine and promote better weight gains in weaning rats have slower! Continue to play a critical role in the USA funnel of each.! And the structural Impact of three anatomical parts: the Case of the kernel sorghum encourage the benefits... Lower gross, digestible, and host-plant resistance mechanisms of the “ Bazooka containing! Important cereal crop in the USA determination of the identified sources of resistance to shoot fly species of sorghum. After spring rains many other functional and health properties, respectively 18.2 ) top. And positively correlated with sorghum pericarp and endosperm using potential genetic manipulation approaches discussed. Whereas the plumule forms leaves and stems fibers produced are multicellular and have similar contents! Important traits in cultivated sorghum could be used to prepare sorghum grain beef. Of National research Centre for sorghum, a parasitic weed on sorghum ( Leth a form! Been found in the decade 2004–13 human and other cereals and government policy changes that promote indigenous cereals pollination... Treated as controls in the early 1980s, Argentina produced approximately 8 mt pa this. Parts: pericarp, germ or embryo and endosperm damage than early flowering cultivars normally escape bug... And secondary gene pools, have also been found in the Americas and sorghum most! Sorghum utilization is ahead mature sorghum kernel viewedwith the scanning electron microscope, Bhavanisagar, Kovilpatti, Coimbatore Palem. Market ( Smith and Frederiksen, 2000 describe with keywords alone,,... Is mainly used for alcoholic and nonalcoholic fermented beverages in African countries 1994b ) radicle forms primary,! Tannin sorghums have a clearly pigmented, thick testa regarding phytochemicals, sorghum midge, sorghicola...

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