But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19th century that we can consider with pride and hope15. His big eyes burn like fire. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/miranda/6680; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/miranda.6680, Professor of History - Junior Member, Institut Universitaire de FranceSorbonne Nouvelle Universityjohann.chapoutot@univ-paris3.fr, Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Site map Legal information & Credits Links Directories and labels Syndication, OpenEdition member Published with Lodel Administration only, You will be redirected to OpenEdition Search, Expressions of Environment in Euroamerican Culture / Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a social Darwinist and a true racist. 17 eine Versndigung gegen die Natur, Ibid. sand hollow state park camping. ), British-born Germanophile political philosopher, whose advocacy of the racial and cultural superiority of the so-called Aryan element in European culture influenced pan-German and German nationalist thought, particularly Adolf Hitler's National Socialist movement. While the Greeks rejoiced in the company of ideas, the Romans were materialists in both the best and the worst sense of the term. Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Doch nicht etwa der fleissige Konversationslexikonsredakteuyr Plinius?, in Chamberlain, op. He could have been a typical character from A Room with a View; he who could not embrace the military career his father had ambitioned for him and went on travelling instead. As they wanted to destroy anything that was not Jewish, they fought against the Greeks. Assistance with short selling your home While the Greeks had given Europe a soul, the Romans were busy shaping the body: the, , the legions. Beck, 1999, 534p. NF, Beat, Von Perikles zu Hitler? What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART(1855-1927) Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Anglo-German race theorist and philosophical and historical writer, was born in Southsea, near Portsmouth, England. captain america costume endgame. 1 Wagner, Richard, Das Judentum in der Musik, Leipzig, 1869. Chamberlain devotes some 500 pagesnearly half the bookto that period, providing his reader with ample material on Rome, Greece and the Jews as well as on another sacrosanct trinity: Athens, Rome and Jerusalem. In these publications, Chamberlain emphasized the heroic Teutonic aspects in the composers works. Core tenets of Hitler's worldview were that the primacy of race in determining historical developments, Aryan superiority (with the Aryans being the sole creators of culture), the Darwinian racial struggle, the need for eugenics policies, and the evils of racial mixing. Having learned, from a very young age, at least two foreign languages, he almost wrote better in French and in German than he did in English. They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! In that respect, he is not being entirely fair to the author. No surprise there, because, according to him, Christ was also a German. Updates? 20Houston Stewart Chamberlain died far too early to witness the rise of the NSDAP and the Gleichschaltung of Germany under Nazi rule. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, (born Sept. 9, 1855, Southsea, Hampshire, Eng.died Jan. 9, 1927, Bayreuth, Ger. . Der Schwiegersohn Richard Wagners und engste Vertraute Cosimas war der fhrende Kopf Bayreuths. We find that actual, concrete knowledge, that is, the great work of toilsome discovery, has one deadly enemy, omniscience. Only 1869 did Richard Wagner authorize its publication under his name. The fanatic wants to overwhelm people with words, you wish to convince, only to convince themand that is why you are successful. No surprise there, because, according to him, Christ was also a German. Der Fanatiker erhitzt die Kpfe, Sie erwrmen die Herzen. In 1899 Chamberlain wrote his most important work, 'Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts' . For "the most sacred of duties . Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born author of books on political philosophy, natural science and Richard Wagner. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was an Englishman who had married Richard Wagner's daughter. The Persians indeed were Jews, at least as much as the Greeks were Germans, and the Persian Wars were nothing else than a racial struggle which lasted over a century between Asia and Europe. It is no wonder that an Englishman like Chamberlain became part of the Wagner Circle for Britons were considered to be members of the Aryan race like any other German(ic) man. I am deeply upset. As a tribute to Chamberlain, and in the similar style of his book, Alfred Rosenberg, the chief ideologist of the Nazi party, entitled his own work, , the gospel of Nazism. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In fact, I would call you the complete opposite of a fanatic. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. He also wrote numerous books on the theory of races, among which an important collection called, that earned him fame and glory in his later years, under the Third Reich. () Where are the roman scientists? 18 Copy quote. I want to cry out, I want to weep.29. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a social Darwinist and a true racist. 12 Blut von ihrem Blut und Geist von ihrem Geist, ibid., p.549. Hitler also held a view that Aryans had developed an ancient civilization . is a form of prolonged indictment against the Jews, depicted as a race full of hatred, longing for might and vengeance. Dans sa dmonstration, lantiquit grco-romaine tient une place essentielle. However, it was quite successful from the 1900s to the 1930s; it sold over 200000 copies. Reassured though he was to have met the saviour of Germany and of the German race, Chamberlain did not die right away and had to wait four more years before falling into a deep and peaceful sleep. He became somewhat of a war hero during the First World War, during which he was a talented propagandist against his own country, Great Britain. She married Siegfried, Richard Wagners only son, and was considered the only true custodian and bailiff in Bayreuth after Siegfrieds death, as well as a sort of muse for Adolf Hitler, whom she greatly admired. So the Berbers of Morocco were Nordic originally. He was, for the Germans, the thinker who popularized Gobineaus ideas on the social Darwinists, providing the German bourgeoisie with a sense of its mission: am deutschen wesen soll die welt genesenthe German essence must heal the world. ), with an introduction by Lord REDESDALE, G.C.V.O., . No. After attending a lyce in Versailles and a boarding school in Cheltenham, he visited destination spas and various health resortshe did not have a very sound constitutionwith his chaperon and a tutor. 10, p.296, in the English translation by MURPHY, James, London, Hurst and Blackett, 1939, vol. 7Chamberlain has nothing but contempt for Plinius, who might have been less of a mediocre Konversationslexikonsredakteur, as he puts it, than he was himself. Hitler and Goebbels got the chance to pay him another visit, in May 1926, just before he passed away. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. He was the son of an English captain, later admiral. Sie haben Gewaltiges zu leisten vor sich, aber trotz Ihrer Willenskraft halte ich Sie nicht fr e, Resorting to antique concepts and quoting Goethe, Chamberlain celebrates Hitler as the creator of a, , the hero who fights against every sort of, : You know Goethe's distinction between force and force. Jetzt glaube ich einzusehen, da dies grade Ihr Wesen bezeichnet und sozusagen umschliet: der wahre Erwecker ist zugleich Spender der Ruhe. Some 19th-century philosophers weren't content with the racism of White over Black people and other ethnicities. . Chamberlain scorned this racial chaos of the late Roman Empire, which destroyed any racial and national principle, this chaos of peoples of the decadent Roman Empire being a capital sin against nature. Hitler wanted the support of someone whose work had become a canonical book for the racist nationalists in Germany. The fanatic inflames the mind, you warm the heart. In it, he provides his readership with a new approach to Western history in relation to the question of race and the necessary rise of Germanic power. What mattered to them was biology and race, not the law or a mere artificial citizenship. We have to thank Rome () that it transferred the centre of gravity of civilization to the West and that the Jewish-Asian spell was broken, so that Germanic Europe became the beating heart and the thinking brain of whole mankind.14. This is summed up by Chamberlain who, contrary to Hegel who wrote Ex oriente lux, pretends that Ex septentrione lux: the beacon of civilization lies in the north with the white Germanic race. It is no wonder that an Englishman like Chamberlain became part of the Wagner Circle for Britons were considered to be members of the Aryan race like any other German(ic) man. They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! 24 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Sehr geehrter und lieber Herr Hitler 7. There is the force that stems from chaos and in turn leads to chaos, and there is the force which shapes the cosmos27. 19Although he did not agree with everything he had written in the Foundations, Hitler knew how to value such honour. 15The second Saviour (with a capital S) is Jesus Christ himself whom Chamberlain celebrates at length in his book. Indeed, I would also describe you as the opposite of a politician, in the commonly accepted sense of the word, for the essence of all politics is membership of a party, whereas with you all parties disappear, consumed by the heat of your love for the fatherland.26. Beck, 1999, 534p. NF, Beat, Von Perikles zu Hitler? , Leipzig, 1869. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. Writers like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain derived an additional hierarchy, which gave white-skinned people an internal hierarchy. Chamberlain compiles here a collection of the most trivial commonplaces which anyone could have easily uttered, if only to appear literate at the table of a. in Germany or of a first baronet in England. 21From the Foundations of the 19th to the Myth of the 20th Century, the vision of antiquity remained the same: a Germanic golden age in Greece and Rome which was scattered and shattered by the Jews. 10 Diese Anschauung von der Bedeutung der Kunst entspricht auch, wenn ich nicht irre, einer spezifischen Anlage des deutschen Geistes. . Order: After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. , New York, Columbia University Press, 1981. , Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1960. , London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1962. , Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926. , Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940. Among them were Houston Stewart Chamberlain and many members of what historians later called the Bayreuther Kreis, an informal circle of members and friends of the Wagner family, including Cosima Wagner, the wife of the Master, and Ludwig Schemann. Sein Buch Die Grundlagen des 19. There are links between the Hindus of India and the Germans hence the inverted swastika of the nazis. In the eyes of God all men, indeed all creatures, may be equal: but the divine law of the individual is to maintain and to defend his individuality. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? 325-363. He became a member of the Wagner circle and grew quite intimate with the family of the, whose daughter, Eva, he ended up marrying. Relying on Sanskrit being part of the Indo-Aryan, and thereby part of the Indo-European, family of languages, from which he supposes a common ancestry, he deems Europeans can benefit greatly from a study of the Vedic texts, the latter . His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. They then left testimonies of their genius in immaculate and pristine temples that were currently used, in the 19. century, to demonstrate the superiority of white mankind. Historians must therefore make the effort to understand that, for Chamberlains coevals, his book was important in that it provided an answer, at the time, to important questions and, to a larger extent, tried to give a meaning to history. But it also disappeared. . As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. . After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. The Germanic giants from the forests of the north were blood from their blood and spirit from their spirit12 and, as such, the true heir of the Romans and of the Greeks13. Both an art lover and a dilettante, he was welcomed into Richard Wagners larger circles when he became his son-in-law. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Summary With a collection of 300 sources--each accompanied by an introductory essay and review questions--this two-volume primary source reader emphasizes the history of ideas. Die athenische Demokratie und die deutsche Althistorie bis 1945. , Peter Lang, Bern, New York, 1986, 332p. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? Jerusalem is to be destroyed: an imperative the Romans followed at least twice, to crush the rebellions of those Jews who spend their time revolting against every state order because their race was synonymous with chaos. SpracheRasseReligion, Darmstadt, WBG, 2001, 464p. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. Not a Jew, by all means! Chamberlain could very well have been a poor mans Hegel: rewriting the history of civilization in a less than talented way, apologizing for not being able to elaborate further on what he was talking about because it would take too long and writing much nonsense on the science of the time which he was already busy repudiating. . (Edin. Later, when the Jews rebelled in Palestine, under Vespasian and Titus, and then under Hadrian, they were beaten once again: There is a second roman delenda of overwhelming significance for world history: the delenda est Hierosolyma. Chamberlain compiles here a collection of the most trivial commonplaces which anyone could have easily uttered, if only to appear literate at the table of a Kommerzrat in Germany or of a first baronet in England. Broken, mumbling, tears in his eyes. cit., pp. Chamberlain saw in Hitler the new William II who could save Germany, as he wrote to him in a moving letter in the form of an accolade from the old philosopher of the race to the young racist politician.24 Chamberlain addresses a most respected and dear Herr Hitler, the only one who could give him strength and peace, confidence and energy, everything that he had lost in August 1914, when Germany entered a fateful war: I have been wondering why it was you of all people, you who are so extraordinary in awakening people from sleep and humdrum routines, who recently gave me a longer and more refreshing sleep than I have experienced since that fateful day in August 1914 when I was first struck down by this insidious sickness. Eines ist aber so klar wie die Sonne am Mittag: wre das phnezinische Volk nicht ausgerottet (), so htte die Menschheit dieses 19. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who spoke fluent German, belonged from then on to the sanctum of Germano-maniac racism, a group of worshippers who had gathered around Richard Wagner: Wagner, the bard of a reinvented Germanic mythology, who celebrated heroic figures of oneiric purity and had a slight tendency of considering that his agethe 19th centurywas leading white Germanic mankind towards decadence, degeneration and death. , the vision of antiquity remained the same: a Germanic golden age in Greece and Rome which was scattered and shattered by the Jews. Chamberlain could very well have been a poor mans Hegel: rewriting the history of civilization in a less than talented way, apologizing for not being able to elaborate further on what he was talking about because it would take too long and writing much nonsense on the science of the time which he was already busy repudiating. Greece has always gravitated around Asia, till Rome dragged it away, to the West. He resented Chamberlain for not being aware of that scourge. For many people in the 19th century, it was a vital question19: many Christian racists of the period could not bear the idea of their Messiah being a Jew. Greek and Roman antiquity play an essential part in his argumentation. Regrettably, a number of Chamberlain's most important works are still accessible only to those who know German, the language in which he did This second visit was, according to Goebbels, a heartbreaking episode which Berlins new, Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels, 1925-1926. What were the problems caused by modernity and how could the world be improved for the sake of the better portionthe white portionof humanity? Long, long handshake! We have to thank Rome () that it transferred the centre of gravity of civilization to the West and that the Jewish-Asian spell was broken, so that Germanic Europe became the beating heart and the thinking brain of whole mankind. Despite his English birth and family, his early indifference toward England and all things English developed into a lifelong hatred. There is the force that stems from chaos and in turn leads to chaos, and there is the force which shapes the cosmos, , Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926, 782p. Quote f, Although he did not agree with everything he had written in the, , Hitler knew how to value such honour. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und. Says the author, Chika Onyeani, "We are a conquered race and it is utterly foolish for . Chamberlain indulges in the most appalling stereotypes of the. (Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 1855 9 9 ~ 1927 1 9 ) , , . The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New York, Columbia University Press, 1981. The son of a naval officerhis father was an admiral in the Royal Navy , he spent his whole youth travelling around Europe. 10, p.153. Ludwig Schemann exerted a great intellectual influence on the other members of the Wagner circle, popularizing what people started to call the Vlkisch ideology. Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred7. After France, Italy, Belgium, he ended up in Vienna, then in Geneva, where he earned a Bachelors degree in Science. You stand by us when we are near despair. race - race - Gobineaus Essay on the . Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born German author of books on political philosophy, natural science and Richard Wagner. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1912). He holds my hand and won't let me go. Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred, . Houston Stewart Chamberlain died far too early to witness the rise of the NSDAP and the, of Germany under Nazi rule. You are free: to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix - to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Educated at Versailles, Geneva, and Vienna, Chamberlain became an admirer of Richard Wagner, publishing his first work, Notes sur Lohengrin (Notes on Lohengrin), in 1892. Chamberlain married the composer's daughter some years after Wagner's death. 10Apart from being a compendium of all the cultural clichs of the time, Chamberlains Foundations is a form of prolonged indictment against the Jews, depicted as a race full of hatred, longing for might and vengeance. View all Houston Stewart Chamberlain Quotes. Trailblazer, pioneer! Chamberlain now expressed this philosophical allegiance to German imperialism with the most brutal cynicism: "Nobody can prove that Germanic supremacy is a blessing for all the Earth's . 17Indeed, this encounter and interview left such an impression on Chamberlain that he considered Hitler as the epitome of many essential virtuessuch virtues as warmth, kindness and selflessness, all embodied by the Fhrer of the NSDAP: You are not at all, as you have been described to me, a fanatic. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant and Johann Wolfgang Goethe) as well as proponent of a nationalist and pan-Germanic antisemitism. He defined himself as an Ungelehrter, taking pride in not being a trained scholar, which he deemed was unworthy of his natural talents. This is one of the better clichs of the German historiography of the second half of the 19. century: only the Nordic king, Alexander of Macedonia, managed to unify Greece and put an end to endless campaigns by creating an Empire, like King Wilhelm of Prussia who succeeded in 1871 in unifying the different German tribes and states into a mighty Empire. In the 1920s, he met Hitler. Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. This obsession with diseases and the assimilation of blood-mixing with infection is a common characteristic, as well as a deep concern, among the most convinced racists of the time. Sie kennen Goethes Unterscheidung von Gewalt und Gewalt! The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. An Anthology of Texts, London, Routledge, 2002. After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. He was therefore read and admired by the major figures of the Nazi ideologyone of whom was Hitlerand became, just before he died, in the 1920s, one of the leading minds of their movement. Was der Chamberlain da in seinen Grundlagen geschrieben hat, ist gelinde gesagt dumm, Hitler quoted in Rauschning, Hermann, Gesprche mit Hitler, Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. The idea of physical race unity and rice purity, which is the very essence of Judaism, signify the recognition of a fundamental physiological fact of life; wherever we observe life from the hyphomycetes to the noble horse we see the importance of "race"; judaism made this law of nature sacred. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und afrikanische Knecht bis zum Thron des rmischen Imperiums hinaufgeschlichen, inzwischen der syrische Bastard sich des Gesetzeswerkes bemchtigte, der Jude die Bibliothek zu Alexandria benutzte, um hellenische Philosophie dem mosaischen Gesetze anzupassen (). Was der Chamberlain da in seinen, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945, The second Saviour (with a capital S) is Jesus Christ himself whom Chamberlain celebrates at length in his book. For many people in the 19, : many Christian racists of the period could not bear the idea of their Messiah being a Jew. An Anthology of Texts, London, Routledge, 2002, 496p. 25 Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker der Seelen aus Schlaf und Schlendrian sind, mir einen so langen erquickenden Schlaf neulich schenkten, wie ich einen hnlichen nicht erlebt habe seit dem verhngnisvollen Augusttag 1914, wo das tckische Leiden mich befiel. Introduction Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) is best known for his cultural history Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Foundations of the Nineteenth Century; Munich, 1899) as well as for his studies of Kant, Goethe, Wagner, and Heinrich von Stein. cit., p.50. He also had quite a vast cultural knowledge for a self-made man. Athens was beautiful, but Greece was splendid: the people looked like statues, they had perfectly proportioned noses and marble skin, they spoke the language of books (written in Greek) and they invented not only mathematics but also the theatre and the art of warfare. Weindling, Paul, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003. Chamberlain scorned this racial chaos of the late Roman Empire, which destroyed any racial and national principle16this chaos of peoples of the decadent Roman Empire being a capital sin against nature17. She married Siegfried, Richard Wagners only son, and was considered the only true custodian and bailiff in Bayreuth after Siegfrieds death, as well as a sort of muse for Adolf Hitler, whom she greatly admired. This lie, which poisons both the life of the individual and of society, this lie, which will drag us sooner or later into utter barbarism, for it will, as a . Like Hegel, Chamberlain praised the Greeks for inventing freedom and the key notion of personality: Over there, in Asia, in the East, no man had ever been a person. If Greece had fathered the spirit, Rome had mastered the organisation. Schemann, who held a doctorate in history from the University of Berlin, made a living as a raciologist (Rassenkndler) at the University of Freiburg and translated Gobineaus work in German. Die Aufzechnungen Heinrich Heims, herausgegeben von Werner Jochmann. He defined himself as an Ungelehrter, taking pride in not being a trained scholar, which he deemed was unworthy of his natural talents. Es gibt eine Gewalt, die aus Chaos stammt und zu Chaos hinfhrt, und es gibt eine Gewalt, deren Wesen es ist, Kosmos zu gestalten. If only those elites would come to that same awareness, they would crush any opposition and rule the world for good. But in his book, Chamberlain laid down the foundations for a vision of history that was to nurture the Nazi Weltanschauung. , of the European bourgeoisie: in other words, racism, social Darwinism and colonialism. Before praising the Romans for being good lawyers, he blames them for their lack of creativity: Can you find one single poetic genius among the Romans? Stackelberg, Roderick, Winkle, Sally, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook. Chamberlain addresses a most respected and dear Herr Hitler, the only one who could give him strength and peace, confidence and energy, everything that he had lost in August 1914, when Germany entered a fateful war: Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker de, I have been wondering why it was you of all people, you who are so extraordinary in awakening people from sleep and humdrum routines, who recently gave me a longer and more refreshing sleep than I have experienced since that fateful day in August 1914 when I was first struck down by this insidious sickness. By way of mixture and integration, the Romans changed and gave birth to a breed of mongrels, giving out the Roman citizenship (civitas romana) to every free man on earth. The English-born German writer Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) formulated the most important theory of Teutonic superiority in pre-Hitlerian German thought. Die Aufzechnungen Heinrich Heims, herausgegeben von Werner Jochmann, Hamburg, Albrecht Knaus Verlag, 1980, 496p., p.96. What then could possibly have happened? Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Fortunately, the Greeks were great artists, like the Germans themselves. clint dempsey fulham jersey; how many hat-tricks does messi have in la liga. 1Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a typical member of the 19th century British gentry but had the most atypical destinya destiny which was built around the culture of two countries: England which he left early and Germany which was to become his true home.